
* 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA..,! 



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A SYLLABUS 



m0li$(| and Jlmeritatt § 



jkratore. 



Prof. J. JET: Grilmore. 



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i 



PERIODS IN THE HISTORY 



OF THE 



English J^anpage and 3iteratui[i. 

.BY PROF. J. H. GILMORE, 

UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER. 



A. THE LANGUAGE. 

I. The Anglo-Saxon Period. 650-106G. From the consolida- 

tion of the Saxon dialects to the Norman Conquest. Note- 
worthy authors or books : 

Caedmon. 
Beowulf. 

The Saxon Chronicle. 

Alfred. 

Aelfric. 

II. The Transition Period from Anglo-Saxon to English, 

1066-1350. 

1. The Semi-Saxon Period. 1066-1250. 

Lay anion— " The Brut." 
The Ormulum. 
The Ancren Riwle. 
The Surtees Psalter. 

2. The Early English Period. 1250-1350. 

f The Owl and Nightingale. 

(1) Metrical j The Romance of Alisaundre. 
Romances : j Littell Geste of Kvng Home. 

[ The Lay of Havelok. 

(2) Rhymed i Robert of Gloucester. 
Chronicles : \ Robert Manning of Brunne. 



Copyright. 1876. J. H. Gilmore. 



2 



Contemporary with the authors already mentioned, but writing 
in the Latin tongue, are : 

The Venerable Bede, d. 735, " Ecclesiastical History of Britain." 
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, d. 1109, ^ Cur Deus Homo." 
John of Salisbury, d. 1180, eminent as a teacher. 
Walter Map, d. circ. 1210, the first English litterateur. 
Roger Bacon, d. 1292, the first English devotee of plrysieal 
science. 

Duns Scotus, cl. 1308, eminent in philosophy. 
The list might be considerably extended ; and, after the Norman 
conquest, authors who wrote in Norman-French might be added. 

Good authorities on the language and literature of these early 
periods are Freeman's Old English History; Marsh's Origin and 
History of the English Language; Hughes's Alfred the Great; 
Morley's Writers before Chaucer; Oliphant's Sta?idard English; 
Morris's Specimens of Early English. 



B. THE LITERATURE. 

1. The Formative Period. 1350-1474. From the time when 
Chaucer and his contemporaries made the East Midland 
dialect the literary language of England, to the time when 
William Caxton established the first printing-press. Lite- 
rature neither Anglo-Saxon nor Norman -French, but 
English ; and indissolubly connected with the literature of 
modern times. Leading authors or works : 

(1) Prose: 

Sir John Mandeville — Travels. 
—1372. 

Wiclif — Translation of New Testament. 
—1382. 

(2) Poetry: 

Piers Plowman. 
Lawrence Minot. 
Gower — " Confessio Amantis." 
—1408. 

Chaucer — " Canterbuiy Tales." 

— 1400. 
The Ballads. 

Consult Marsh and Morris ut supra; Morle} T 's English Writers 
from Chaucer to Dunbar; Warton's History of English Poetry; 
the Clarendon Press editions of Chaucer and Piers Plowman; 
Browne's Chaucer's England; Westcott's History of the English 
Bible; Lowell's My Study Windows and Alexander Smith's 
Dreamthorpe (on Chaucer) ; Ritson's Bobin Hood. 



3 



II. The Period of the Renaissance (Taine) ; or The Period 
of Italian Influence (Morley) — 1474-1660. From the 
introduction of printing to the restoration of the Stuarts. 

This period may be subdivided as follows : 

1. 1474-1558 (the accession of Elizabeth) — covering the antici- 

pator}' movements of a new literary life. Leading authors : 

(1) Prose: 

Wm. Caxton — First English printer. 
—1492. 

Sir Thos. Malory—" Byrth, Lif and Actes of Kyng Arthur" 1 

1485. 

Wm. Tyndale— Translation of the Bible. 

—1536. 
Hugh Latimer — Sermons. 

1472-1555. 
Sir Thos. More— "Utopia." 

1480-1535. 
Abp. Cranmer— Revision of the Bible. 

1489-1556. 
Roger Ascham — "The Scholemaster." 

1515-1568. 

(2) Poetry: 

John Skelton — Political Satires. 
1460-1529. 

Sternhold and Hopkins — Version of the Psalms. 

1548. 

Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey— Sonnets, blank verse. 

—1547. 
John Hey wood — Interludes. 

— 1565. 

Nicholas Uclall — First English comedy. 
1506-1564. 

Consult Reed's English Literature, fifth lecture ; Collier's English 
Literature, p. 71 sq. ; Humphrey's History of Printing ; Westcott 
and Warton ut supra; Arber's reprints of Latimer, Ascham, a?id 
Uclall; Miss Manning's Household of Sir Thos. More; Keltie's 
British Dramatists; Adams's Famous Books. 

2. 1558-1625. From the accession of Elizabeth to the death of 

James I — being the great creative period in English Litera- 
ture ; or The Elizabethan Age. Leading characteristics of 
the period are : 



4 



(1) The permanent revival of the English poetic spirit. 
Spenser — '• The Faery Queene." 

1553- 1599. 
Herbert— Sacred poems. 

1590-1632. 

(2) The most magnificent development of dramatic literature 

that the world has ever known. 

Thos. Sackville (Lord Buckhurst)— First English tragedy. 

1536-1608. 
Christopher Marlowe — "Dr. Faustus." 

— 1593. 
Shakspere — " Hamlet." 

1564-1616. 
Ben Jonson — " The Alchemist." 

1573-1637. 
Beaumont and Fletcher — " Philaster." 

- 1616. 1576-1625. 
Webster— 1 ' The Duchess of Malfi." 

1623. 

Ford—" The Lady's Trial." 
—1586. 

Massinger— "A New Way to Pay Old Debts." 
1584-1640. 

(3) A development, hardly less striking, of elevated, dignified 

and philosophic prose. 

Sir Philip Sidney — The Arcadia. 

1554- 1586. 

Hooker — "Ecclesiastical Polity." 
—1600. 

Sir Walter Raleigh— History of the World. 
1552-1618. 

Francis Bacon — Essays, "Advancement of Learning." 

1560-1626. 
John Selden — Table Talk. 

1584-1654. 
The English Bible — authorized version. 

1611. 

On this period (as well as on those which follow) Fiske's abridge- 
ment of Taine's English Literature, MorW's First Sketch of Eng- 
lish Literature, and Allibone's Dictionary of Authors, will be 
especially useful. Consult, also, on this period : White's Life and 
Genius of Shakspere; Whipple's Literature of the Age of Elizabeth; 
Lowell's Among my Books, vol. 2 (on Spenser) ; Hazlitt's 
Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth; the Clarendon 
Press editions of Spenser, Shakspere, and Bacon. 



3. 1625-1660. From the death of James I to the restoration 
of the Stuarts — covering the period of Puritan influence. 
Forsaking the somewhat superficial discrimination into 
poetry and prose, we recognize : 

(1) Puritan Literature. 

Milton — 44 Paradise Lost," "Areopagitica." 

1608-1674. 
Baxter — " Saint's Everlasting Eest." 

1615-1691. 
Bunyan — " Pilgrim's Progress." 

1628-1688. 

(2) Cavalier Literature. 

% Thomas Hobbes— " The Leviathan." 

1588-1679. 
Robert Herrick — Poems. 

1591-1674. 
Izaak Walton — " The Complete Angler." 

1593-1683. 

Thomas Fuller—" Holy and Profane States, 

1608-1661. 
Jeremy Taylor— Sermons. 

1613-1667. 
Sir Thomas Browne — " Religio Medici." 

1605-1682. 
Clarendon — Histoiy of the Rebellion. 

1638-1709. 
Ballads. 

Consult, especially, on the period : Masson's Life of Milton, 
See also, Macaulay's essa}~s on Milton and Bunyan ; Channing's, 
Seeley's and Lowell's essays on Milton ; William R. Williams's 
essa}' on Baxter ; Mack ay's Cavalier Songs and Ballads of 
England; Wilkins's Political Ballads; Adams's Famous Books, 

III. The Classic Age (Taine) ; or The Period of French 
Influence (Morlej-). 1660-1789. From the restoration 
of the Stuarts to the French Revolution. The peiiod has, 
from the number, and the superficial brilliancy, of its 
authors, acquired the name of *" The Augustan Age of 
English Literature," a name to which, as ordinarily inters 
preted, the age of Queen Anne is by no means entitled. 
The prominent characteristics of the period are laxity of 
morals and shallowness of thought — partially redeemed by 
exquisite (jet excessive) refinement of expression. Its 
leading authors are ; 



(1) Poetry. 

Butler—" Haclibras." 
1612-1680. 

Dryden — " M'Flecknoe," "Alexander's Feast." 

1631-1700. 
Wycherly and Congreve — Dramatists. 

1640-1715. 1666-1729. 
Gay—" Fables." 

1688-1732. 
Pope — " Rape of the Lock." 

1688-1744. 
Thomson — " Seasons." 

1700-1748. 
Gray—" Elegy," " The Bard." 

1716-1771. 
Collins — " Ode on the Passions." 

1720-1756. 

Goldsmith— " Traveller," " Deserted Village." 
1728-1774. 



(2) Prose. 

Locke — " Essay on the Human Understanding." 

1632- 1704. 
South — Sermons. 

1633- 1716. 

Burnet — Exposition of the 39 Articles. 

1643-1715. 
Newton — tk The Principia." 

1642-1727. 
Addison— "The Spectator." 

1672-1719. 
Steele—" The Spectator." 

1671-1729. 
De Foe — " Robinson Crusoe." 

1661-1731. 

Swift—" Gulliver's Travels," " Tale of a Tub." 

1667-1745. 
Richardson — " Clarissa Harlowe." 

1689-1761. 
Fielding—" Tom Jones." 

1707- 1754. 

William Pitt (Earl of Chatham) — Orator. 

1708- 1778. 

Johnson— Dictionary, " Lives of the Poets." 

1709- 1784. 

Reid — " Inquiry into the Human Mind." 

1710- 1796. 



7 



Hume — History of England. 

1711-1776. " 
Sterne—" Tristram Shandy." 

1713-1768. 
Smollett — " Roderick Random.*' 

1721-1771. 
Adam Smith— "Wealth of Nations." 

1723-1790. 
Goldsmith—" Vicar of Wakefield." 

1728-1774. 

Burke — " Essa}' on the Sublime and Beautiful." 
1730-1797. 

Gibbon — " Decline and Fall of Roman Empire." 

1737-1794. 
Fox — Orator. 

1749-1806. 

" Junius" — Political Satires in form of Letters. 
1769-1772. 



While, to the very close of this period, the influence of French 
Classicism was dominant, English sense (represented by such men 
as De Foe) was struggling hard to find expression. We may note 
as redeeming features in a hollow and pretentious age : 

a. The development of the English novel, by De Foe, Swift, 
Sterne, Richardson, Fielding, Smollet and Goldsmith. 

b. The rise of English periodical literature. 

c. The rise of modern schools of science — mental and plrysieal — 
represented by Locke, Newton, Reicl, Hume, and Adam Smith. 

d. The occurrence of the first two names in the long list of 
eminent English historians— Hume and Gibbon. 

e. The rise of Methodism — or a general revival of religion and 
morality in England, through the influence of such men as John 
and Charles Wesley, and George Whitefield. 

Consult on the period : Thackeray's English Humorists; Lowell's 
Among my Books, vol. 1 (on Dryden) and My Study Windows 
(on Pope) ; Stephen's Hours in a Library (on Pope, De Foe, 
and Richardson) ; Macaulay on Dryden and Johnson ; Boswell's 
Life of Johnson ; Forster's Life of Goldsmith and Biographical 
Essays; Lee's Life and Newly- discovered Writings of De Foe ; 
Masson's British Novelists ; Scott's Lives of the Novelists; 
Hazlitt's English Comic Writers; Brewster's Life of Newton; 
the Clarendon Press editions of Burke and Dryden; Hales's 
Longer English Poems. 



8 



IV. The Period of Modern Life (Taine) ; or The Period of 
English Popular Influence (Morley). 1789-1876. 

During this period, the mind — emancipated, by the French 
revolution, from the fetters of a false classicism — has developed 
itself, in obedience to its natural tendencies, in many and widel} T 
different directions. German influence has been extensively felt ; 
but rather as reinforcing the German side of the English nature 
than as creating a distinctively German period in English litera- 
ture. The age has been characterized by marked literary activit}" ; 
but is, on the whole, critical rather than creative. The most | 
striking features of the period are : 

a. The rise of the Romantic school of English poetiy. 

b. The excessive development of periodical literature. 

c. The development of new schools of fiction. 

d. The development of new schools of mental and physical science. 

e. The degree of attention paid to historical studies. 

f. The literary prominence attained b}- woman. 



Poetry. 



Crabbe. Burns. 
Scott. Cowper. 
Southey. Byron. 
Campbell. Keats. 
Macaulay. Moore. 
Wm. Morris. Keble. 

" Owen Meredith/' 
Edw. Robt. Bulwer Lytton. 



Wordsworth. 

Coleridge. 
Shelley. 
Tenn} T son. 
Browning. 
Mrs. Browning. 
Jean Ingelow. 



Fiction. 

Jane Austen. Scott. Charles Reade. 

Dickens. Kingsley. Wilkie Collins. 

Thackeray. 
Bulwer. 

Charlotte Bronte. 
" George Eliot." 

Mrs. Lewes. 

Miss Muloch. 

(Mrs. Craik.) 
Thomas Hughes. 
George MacDonald. 
William Black. 



9 



Essays and Criticism. Humor. 

Sydney Smith. Lamb. 
' ; Christopher North." Hood. 

Prof. John Wilson. Douglas Jerrold. 
John Foster. Mark Lemon. 

Sir James Stephen. 
Carlyle. 
De Quincey. 
Macaulay. 
Harriet Martinean. 
Raskin. 
Hamerton. 
Matthew Arnold. 
Sir Arthur Helps. 



History. 

Arnold. 

Hallam. 

Macaulay. 

Grote. 

Froude. 

Freeman. 



Biography. 

Southej" (Nelson). 

Moore (Byron). 

Lockhart (Scott). 

Carlyle (Cromwell). 

Agnes Strickland (Queens ci 

Stanle3 T (Arnold). 

David Masson (Milton) . 

Smiles (Stephenson). 



i gland) . 



Oratory. 



Grattan. 

Curran. 

Erskine. 

Brougham. 

Cobden. 

John Bright. 

Gladstone. 

DTsraeli. 



Thomas Chalmers. 
Robert Hall. 
Edward Irving. 
Thomas Guthrie. 
F. W. Robertson. 
Chas. H. Spurgeon. 
Alex. MacLaren. 



10' 



Theology. Biblical Literature. 

John Henry Newman. Tregelles. 

Henry Rogers. Alford. 

Prof. Seeley. Ellicott. 

H. L. Mansel. Perowne. 



(1) Mental. 

Dugald Stewart. 
Coleridge. 
Sir Wm . Hamilton. 
James Mill. 
Alex. Bain. 
Herbert Spencer. 
G. H. Lewes. 
John Stirling. 
James Ferrier. 



Science. 

(2) Physical. 

Sir David Brewster. 

Dr. Wm. Whewell. 

Sir John Herschell. 

Sir Humphrey Davy. 

Sir Chas. Lyell. 

Mrs. Somerville. 

Sir Michael Faraday. 

Huxley. 

Darwin. 

Tyndall. 

W. Stanley Jevons. 



(3) Political. 

Bentham. 

J. Stuart Mill. 

Austin. 

Cairnes. 

Maine. 



(4) Ethnologic and Linguistic. 

Latham. 

Garnett. 

Max Miiller. 

Sir John Lubbock. 



Darwin. 
Layard. 
Palgrave. 



Travel and Adventure. 



Livingstone. 

Sir Samuel Baker. 

Burton. 



11 



The following works contain suggestive discussions of some of 
the leading authors of the period : 

Stedman's Victorian Poets. 

Devey's Comparative Estimate of Modern British Poets. 
Shairp's Studies in Poetry and Philosophy (on Wordsworth and 

Coleridge) . 
Masson's Recent British Philosophy. 

4i Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, and Other Essays. 
Lowell's My Study Windows (on Carlyle) . 

u Among My Books, vol. 2 (on Wordsworth and Keats.) 
Stirling's Jerrold, Tennyson, Macaulay, and Other Essays. 
Kingsley's Miscellanies (on Burns and Tennyson). 
Fields's Yesterdays with Authors (on Thackeray and Dickens) . 
Wilkinson's Free Lance (on George Eliot) . 

Whipple's Essays and Reviews (on Macaulay, S}Tlney Smith, 

and the English poets of the century). 
Minto's English Prose Literature (on De Quincey, Macaulay 

and Carlyle). 

Stephen's Hours in a Library (on Scott and De Quincey) . 
Brimley's Essays (on Tennyson, Wordsworth, etc.) 
Brooke's Theology in the English Poets. 
Hazlitt's Lectures on the English Poets. 
Nettleship's Essays on Browning. 

> ♦ • 



Three periods maj T be recognized : 

I. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 

Extending from 1620 to 1765 ; or from the landing of the 
pilgrims to the passage of the stamp act. Literature scantj^, as 
was natural in a new countr} 7 where the energ}' of the settlers was 
absorbed in a struggle for existence. Formed, as was natural, 
after English models ; and, for the most part, devoid of merit. 
The only names worth mentioning are : 

John Winthrop — " Journal of the Mass. ColonjV 
1588-1649. 

Roger Williams — " Bloudy Tenent of Persecution." 

1606-1683. 
John Eliot — The Indian Bible. 

1604-1690. 



12 



Anne Bradstreet — Poems. 
1612-1672. 

Increase Mather — " Remarkable Providences." 
1639-1723. 

Cotton Mather — " Magnalia Christi Americana." 

1663-1728. 
Jonathan Edwards — Treatise on the Will. 

1703-1758. 
John Woolman — Journal. 

1720-1772. 



II. THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 

Extending from 1765 to 1815; or from the passage of the 
stamp act to the close of the second war with England. Pretty 
much all the literature of the period that is real and heartfelt is 
political in its nature. Noteworthy names are : 

Benjamin Franklin — " Autobiography." 

1706-1790. 
Thomas Paine — " Common Sense." 

1737-1809. 

Thomas Jefferson — " Declaration of Independence." 

1743-1826. 
Alexander Hamilton — " The Federalist." 

1757- 1804. 

Francis Hopkinson— " The Battle of the Kegs." 

1737-1791. 
John Trumbull— 1 ' M'Fingal." 

1750-1831. 
Joel Barlow—' 4 The Columbiad." 

1755-1812. 
Philip Freneau— Poems. 

1752- 1832. 

Benj. Thompson (Count Rumford) — Scientist. 

1753- 1814. 

Timothy D wight — Theology. 

1752-1817. 
Fisher Ames — "A razeed Burke." 

1758- 1808. 

Chas. Brockden Browne — "Arthur Mervyn." 

1771- 1810. 

Alexander Wilson— Ornithologist. 

1766-1813. 
Wm. Wirt—" The British Spy." 

1772- 1834. 



13 



III. THE NATIONAL PERIOD. 



Extending from 1815 to 1876. The fresh literary life felt 
in England at the beginning of the century was lelt also in 
America ; and the last sixty years have been years of marked 
literary activity. Our literature has not seemed to our English 
cousins to be as distinctively American, either in matter or 
manner, as it should be. They forget that we are of the same 
race with themselves ; that their early literature is our early lite- 
rature ; and that, thus, we are measurably precluded from develop- 
ing that original literature which they demand of us. Our litera* 
ture certainly has not been characterized by servile imitation of 
contemporary English authors ; and it certainly compares favorably 
in diversity, strength and brillianc}', with the English literature of 
the same period. If, in some respects, the English excel us, in 
other respects we as far excel them. Noteworthy names are : 



Poetry 



Fiction. 



Bryant. 

Richard H. Dana. 

Drake. 

Halleck. 

Poe. 

Longfellow. 

Sprague. 

Whittier. 

Emerson. 

Lowell. 

Holmes. 



Cooper. 
Poe. 

Hawthorne. 
Mrs. Stowe. 
S}'lvester Judd. 
Herman Melville. 
W. Gilmore Simms, 
Theodore Winthrop, 
Edward Eggleston, 
W. M. Baker. 
W. D. Howells. 
" Saxe Holme," 



History 



Biography. 



Prescott. 

Bancroft. 

Hildreth. 

Ticknor. 

Motley. 

Parkman. 



Irving (Columbus). 

Sparks (Washington). 

Geo. W. Greene (Nath'l Greene). 

Geo. T. Curtis (Webster). 



Essays and Criticism. 
Irving. 
Holmes. 
E. P. Whipple. 
N. P. Willis. 
H. D. Thoreau. 
"Ik. Marvel." 

Donald Q. Mitchell. 
Geo. Wm. Curtis. 
" Gail Hamilton. " 

Mary Abigail Dodge. 
E. E. Hale. 
E. C. Stedman. 



14 

Humor. 

" Jack Downing." 

Seba Smith. 
" Widow Bedott." 

Mrs. F. M. Whitcher. 
"Artemus Ward." 

Chas. F. Browne. 
" Mark Twain." 

Saml. F. Clemens. 
"Josh Billings." 

A. W. Shaw. 
' ; Hans Breitmann." 

Chas. G. Leland. 
" Petroleum V. Nasby." 

D. R. Locke. 

F. Bret Harte. 



Calhoun 4 
Clay. 
Webster. 
J. Q. Adams. 
Edward Everett. 
Rufus Choate. 
Wm. H. Seward, 
Chas. Sumner. 
Wendell Phillips, 



Oratory. 

Lyman Beecher. 
Charles G. Finne} 7 . 
Theodore Parker. 
James W. Alexander. 
Henry Ward Beecher. 



15 



Theology. 

Archibald Alexander. 
Nath'l Taylor. 
Wm. E. Channing, 
Charles Hodge. 
Horace Bushnell. 
Edwards A. Park, 



Biblical Literature. 
Moses Stuart. 
Edward Robinson. 
Geo. R. Noyes. 
Joseph Addison Alexander, 
Horatio B. Hackett. 
Thomas J, Conant, 



(1) Mental. 
Francis Wayland. 
Noah Porter. 
Laurence P. Hickok. 
Pres. M'Cosh. 



Science. 

(2) Physical, 

J. J. Audubon. 

Nathl. Bowditch. 

Alex. Dallas Bache, 

Benj. Silliman, Sr. 

L. Agassiz, 

Prof. Joseph Henry. 

M. F. Maury. 

Prof. J. D. Dana. 

Pres. Edward Hitchcock, 

James Hall. 

Arnold Guyot. 

T. Sterry Hunt. 

Jno. Wm. Draper, 



(3) Political. (4) Ethnologic and Linguistic. 

Chancellor Kent. Peter S. Duponceau. 

Chief Justice Marshall. Albert Gallatin. 

" " Story. Henry R. Schoolcraft. 

Henry Wheaton. Geo. P. Marsh. 

Wm. Beach Lawrence. Tayler Lewis. 

Francis Lieber. F. A. March. 

David A. Wells. W. D. Whitney. 

J. Hammond Trumbull. 



16 



Travel and Adventure. 

Com. Wilkes. Richd. H. Dana, Jr. 

J. C. Fremont. Fred. Law Olmsted. 

E. K. Kane. W. D. Howells. 



£>uyckinck's Cyclopaedia of American Literature (of which a new 
edition is promised) is worth consulting ; though Hart's Manual of 
American Authors is more handy and complete, while reasonably 
satisfactory. The latest edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica 
contains a very thorough and appreciative survey of American 
literature. A similar survey, from the pen of E. P. Whipple, 
was published in Harper's Monthly for February and March, 
1876. Allibone's Dictionary of Authors is, of course, veiy full 
on American titles. On separate authors the following w r orks 
may profitably be consulted : 

Stephen's Hours in a Library (on Hawthorne) . 
Poe's Literati. 

Fields's Yesterdays with Authors (on Hawthorne). 
Wilkinson's Free Lance (on Lowell and Bryant) . 
Lowell's My Study Windows (on Emerson and Thoreau) . 
Whipple's Essays and Revieivs (on Webster, Choate, Prescott, 
and the American poets in general) . 



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